Which of the following SGLT2 inhibitors is effective for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction regardless of type 2 diabetes status?

SGLT2 inhibitors have emerged as a significant therapeutic option for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and the effectiveness of these agents extends beyond patients with type 2 diabetes. Among the SGLT2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have all demonstrated efficacy in reducing heart failure hospitalizations and improving outcomes in patients with HFrEF, irrespective of their diabetes status.

Dapagliflozin was notably highlighted in clinical trials such as DAPA-HF, which showed decreased heart failure hospitalizations and mortality among HFrEF patients. Similarly, empagliflozin has been evaluated in the EMPEROR-Reduced trial, which also supported its beneficial effects on heart failure outcomes. Canagliflozin, while its primary focus has been on diabetes management, has also shown efficacy in heart failure populations through various studies, reinforcing its role in managing HFrEF.

This broad spectrum of efficacy demonstrates that all three SGLT2 inhibitors provide valuable therapeutic benefits for heart failure patients, regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes. Consequently, selecting 'all of the above' correctly reflects the collective effectiveness of these agents in addressing heart failure with reduced